Climate change and production areas represent the indicator of the adaptability of crops to the production environment. Adaptability to different production environments with respect to climate change measures the ability to perpetuate agricultural production.
The contribution of the agricultural sector to climate change is crucial. A long phase of new planning of agricultural systems begins for the production areas, their inclusion and their effectiveness to mitigate the effect of change.
The climate is the average state of weather at various spatial scales (locale, regional, national, continental, hemispherical or global) detected over at least 20-30 years
The earth's climate, although it is considered a stable aspect, it undergoes important variations over time.
The history of the planet has shown repeated oscillations between glacial and interglacial phases.
The causes were natural such as variations in solar activity, in astronomical geometry, volcanic eruptions…
From the middle of 1900 there are new causes that determine climate change.
The speed and intensity of global warming are partially attributable to human activities and the increasing use of fossil fuels
Agriculture and deforestation are responsible for one third of global greenhouse gas emissions.
The agricultural sector contributes to 14% not only with the emission of CO 2 , but also methane and nitrous oxide.
Deforestation reduces the production of oxygen.
The effects on the planet will translate, by 2030, in an overall heating up to + 2° C average temperature.
The production areas are characterized by multiple macroclimates.
The production areas are classified into phytoclimatic bands (biomes).
Each production area is characterized by several microclimates.
Macroclimates are primarily characterized by latitude and altitude.
The phytoclimatic bands classify the different areas on the basis of the potentially cultivable vegetation.
The microclimates are determined by the orography and exposure of the land that make up the different areas.
The characterizing climatic factors are the temperature, the amount of rain and the photoperiod.
The climate determines the different types of agricultural soil in the production areas.
The biodiversity of a production area is determined by the number of microclimates.
The reference bioclimatic classification is that of Koppen.
The availability of water is essential for agricultural production: gives 0 mm a 2000 mm.
The soil of the territories characterizes the quality of the productions.
The productivity of the territories is conditioned by the climate.
The desert has a rainfall of less than 250 mm.
Microclimates in each production area “form” different soils.
The territories are classified into six main climatic groups.
The location of the soils affects the production systems.
Tropical climate, Arid climate, Temperate weather, Cold weather, Polar climate and Altitude climate.
The wettest area on Earth is Llorò (Colombia) : 13.300 mm of annual average.
Agricultural soils condition plant species and their growth.
The climate determines the seasonality of the various phenological phases of agricultural production.
The temperature determines the conditions of growth of agricultural plants: the agricultural species differ in macrotherms, mesotherms and microtherms.
The diversity of microclimates determines specific agroecosystems that affect the various defined species “ecotypes” .
Through the seasons the different agricultural species are classified: autunno vernine, spring summer, winter.
Each crop has a maximum and a thermal minimum.
Each ecotype is determined by an identical genetic heritage but by a different phenotype.
Agriculture and deforestation cause climate change and are responsible for 1/3 of global greenhouse gas emissions.
To produce 1 kg of beef causes the emission of 6,5 kg in CO 2.
To produce 1 kg of tomatoes releases 3,5 kg in CO 2.
Agriculture is suffering from the effects of climate change.
Agricultural production will suffer a loss in yields due to the incidence of new pathogens and the reduced availability of water.
Climate change contributes to intensifying extreme phenomena: desertification and floods; salinization of the lands; development of parasites and diseases ...
The climatic changes induce the displacement of the productive areas and the modification of the territorial suitability.
The development of agricultural techniques contributes to the mitigation of the effects of climate change
Agronomic flexibility and agricultural adaptability are the combination for the future
The challenge is to improve the ability of production areas to deal with the risk and unpredictability of the weather
The use of improved plant varieties, more suitable livestock breeds, crop rotation and alternative production strategies are examples of the adaptability of agricultural systems
The reorganization, the management and planning of production areas are strongly linked to the elements that characterize the climate
Less rigid agricultural schemes and more efficient production techniques help mitigate the effects of climate change
The common vine or Eurasian vine, Vitis Vinifera , is a climbing shrub of the family Vitaceae
The production area of the vine is the planet; boasts the largest cultivation area
The vine is typical of the Mediterranean area.
It has the oldest origins in the Middle East; the most recent crops are in Africa
In America, it affects a large part of Northern California and various parts of Argentina, Mexico and Chile. It is also cultivated in southern Australia and New Zealand
With global warming, areas with a Mediterranean climate risk becoming too hot; areas with currently colder climates will be able to increase productivity
The extension of the areas suitable for vine cultivation will undergo a strong contraction: in Europe the estimated reduction is between 60 and the 70%
Threats
- The agricultural sector with the release of greenhouse gases can continue or even increase to contribute to climate instability
- Increase desertification
- Raising the planet's temperature
- Increase and decrease rainfall
- Decrease glaciers and perennial snows
- Raise the sea level
- Losing biodiversity
- Increase the spread of disease
- Increase problems in food production
- Increase the salinization of soils
- Increase unpredictable weather phenomena
- Reduce water reserves
- Increase the floods
- Developing pests and diseases
- Increase socio-economic problems (for example land grabbing)
- Increase the problem related to the distribution of resources (race for land and water appropriation)
Opportunity
- The agricultural sector can play a key role in mitigation and adaptation strategies for low emissions and increasing resilience
- Improve production techniques especially with regard to some crops
- Promote sustainable agriculture that safeguards biodiversity
- Reuse of livestock waste to limit the use of chemicals in fertilization
- Increase the spread of biodegradable materials
- Spreading the short chain approach
Reduce CO emissions 2 and other greenhouse gases is possible through the use of renewable biomass for energy purposes
Adopt practices that favor carbon sequestration in living biomass (in the case of tree crops) and in the soils (in the case of herbaceous crops)
Promote food consumption models that are attentive to energy saving and environmental protection
The spread of the short chain and seasonal and territorial products, they are actions that promote resilience to climate change
Maintaining the territory in its current productive conformation is possible through the adoption of models to mitigate the effects of climate change
Reuse livestock manure to limit the use of chemicals in fertilization
Plan and design new rural systems adapted to climate change
Plans and designs irrigation and drainage works to mitigate the effects of climate change
Designs territorial information systems for monitoring rural and forest areas
Develop solutions for the introduction of new crops suitable for climate change
He elaborates agrometereology projects for the monitoring of microenvironments
It elaborates applied research projects for the risk prevention of the production areas